tribal tourism is a relatively new type of tourism

Ewaninga. All ground paintings, and the modern paintings on canvas or art-board which are derived from them, are meant to be seen as plan views. This is almost certainly influenced by the hunting and foraging life-styles that the Aborigines once followed and, to varying degrees, still do. It is a great asset, when travelling the bush, if the About Walla Walla. Wineries are beginning to rival the sweet-tasting Walla Walla onion as the hallmark of this lovely town at the foot of the Blue Mountains. In fact, the combination of excellent wineries and appealing scenery has put Walla Walla on the map as one of the country's hottest new wine-touring regions. Here, innovation is the key for tourism to adapt to the future and create a resilient and sustainable tourism sector, strategically fit for purpose for the future. The structure of the book has been designed to highlight the key drivers of the future and then consider how tourism can interact. It must be remembered though that it is misleading The present study analyzes which variables drive the consumption of this tourism type, taking tourist awareness as the key element. To this awareness, we must add the current crisis experienced by the tourism industry caused by COVID-19, since it can benefit Sustainable Tourism development, promoting less crowded destinations that favor social Another nation with tourism numbers that outweigh its resident count (78,000 vs. 33,400) is San Marino, a micro-nation within north-central Italy. This country within a country is a vestige of Italy's former city-state network and one of the world's oldest republics. Mann Mit Grill Sucht Frau Mit Kohle Sprüche. Significado de Tribalismo Tribalismo é uma palavra derivada de tribal. Significado de tribal Relativo a tribo, grupo de pessoas que descendem do mesmo povo, partilham a mesma língua, têm os mesmos costumes, tradições vive numa tribo ou a tem como modelo, como base povos tribais, educação tribal.[História] Refere-se, na Antiguidade, às divisões de um povo. Definição de Tribalismo Classe gramatical substantivo masculino Separação silábica tri-ba-lis-mo Plural tribalismos Palavra derivada de tribal Exemplos com a palavra tribalismo Ele citou, por exemplo, a submissão incondicional às leis do mercado e das finanças, o nacionalismo ou o tribalismo exacerbados e estéreis que podem se tornar mortíferos, tais como a politização extrema, as tensões religiosas em detrimento do bem comum e, enfim, o esgotamento dos valores humanos, culturais, éticos e religiosos", declarou. Folha de 18/11/2011 Bom, isto das caixas de ressonância acho que basicamente se refere a um tribalismo que tampouco é novo. EL PAÍS Brasil, 29/06/2019 Outras informações sobre a palavra Possui 10 letras Possui as vogais a i o Possui as consoantes b l m r s t A palavra escrita ao contrário omsilabirt Rimas com tribalismo civismo budismo liberalismo teosofismo reacionarismo sebastianismo cartesianismo humanitarismo empreendedorismo patrimonialismo analfabetismo abismo romantismo verbalismo reumatismo pessimismo otimismo patriotismo egoísmo ceticismo socialismo batismo misticismo despotismo Mais Curiosidades Giáo dụcHọc tiếng Anh Thứ hai, 11/5/2015, 1337 GMT+7 Trả lời các câu hỏi trong bài đọc chuẩn IELTS về "Tribal tourism". Du khách nước ngoài giao lưu với bộ tộc Bonda tại Ấn Độ. Ảnh The Hindu Holidays with a difference Tribal tourism is becoming more popular. But at what cost to the locals? Tribal tourism is a relatively new type of tourism. It involves travellers going to remote destinations, staying with local people and learning about their culture and way of life. They stay in local accommodation, share facilities with local people, and join in with meals and celebrations. At the moment, less the one percent of holidays are tribal tourism holidays, but this is set to change. Tribal tourism is often compared with foreign exchange visits. However, a foreign exchange involves staying with people who often share the same values. Tribal tourism takes visitors to places where the lifestyle is very different from that in their home location. Those who have been on a tribal holiday explain that experiencing this lifestyle is the main attraction. They say that it offers them the chance to live in a way they never have before. Not everyone is convinced that tribal tourism is a good thing, and opinions are divided. The argument is about whether or not it helps the local population, or whether it exploits them. The main problem is that, because tribal tourism is relatively new, the long-term effects on local populations have not been studied in much detail. Where studies have been carried out, the effects have been found to be negative. Travel writer Ian Coleman recalls a recent trip to Guatemala, where he saw an example of this. "There is a village with a statue of a man called Maximon, who has a special spiritual meaning for the local tribe" he explains. "The statue kept indoors, and once a year the locals bring him out and carry him around the village. However, visitors now pay money for them to bring the statue out and carry it around, while they take photographs. As a result, Maximon has lost his original meaning, and is now just another tourist attraction." So, is it possible to experience an exotic culture without harming it in some way? "With a bit of thought, we can maximize the positive impacts and minimize the negative," says travel company director Hilary Waterhouse. "Remember that you are there not only to experience a difference culture, but to help it in some way. Tourists bring money to the community, which the community can invest in local projects. However, this does not mean you can act the way you might do back home. The most important thing is to show respect, learn about, and be aware of, local customs and traditions. Always remember you're a guest". Dawn baker, manager of travel company Footprints, runs tours to tribal areas in Peru. 'Good companies specializing in tribal tours are very careful about who they allow on their tours', she says. 'They won't take anyone they feel is unsuitable'. Baker offers reading recommendations so that visitors. Dawn baker, manager of travel company Footprints, runs tours to tribal areas in Peru. 'Good companies specializing in tribal tours are very careful about who they allow on their tours', she says. 'They won’t take anyone they feel is unsuitable’. Baker offers reading recommendations so that visitors can read about the country and its cultures. 'The rewards of a trip to this country are priceless, and the more you know in advance, the more priceless they are' Tribal tourism travelers are often surprised at how basic their facilities are when they get there. 'It's not for everyone, but for me it was all part of the experience', says Jamie White, who has recently returned from a trip to Borneo. 'We stayed in the same huts that everyone was living in, with no running water and no electricity. It was basic, but it was an ethical way to travel. Being comfortable means you use more local resources and so have more of an environment impact.' AMA Purpose Tourism development can reduce the economic disadvantages of indigenous tribes; however, it is also reproached for the destruction of local culture. The challenge for tourism and culture is to reach those diverse audiences through a multicultural marketing perspective for managers to make decisions. Therefore, learning the activity preferences of tourism experiences and creating the value of indigenous tourism by strategies are essential indicators of this research. Design/methodology/approach The knowledge lacks cultural understanding and the acceptance of prices concerned with indigenous tourism. This research introduces the value of cultural experience into indigenous tourism experiences and establishes a link between the attributes of tourists' preferences and tourism. The data mining methods are used to analyze relevant indigenous tribal data on the cultural experience. Findings By providing a different quality of service for various tourists, it is expected to improve the sustainable tourism of the tribe through the experiential value of different attributes and strategies of push–pull factors. Research limitations/implications The experiential activities are based on second-hand data collected from Taitung's indigenous tourism activities, and sample data are the domestic tourism experiences of tourists over the past year. Through empirical analyses, the attributes of tourists' preferences can create the value of the cultural experience for indigenous tourism. Originality/value This research explores how indigenous cultural experience can be communicated via learning the value of cultural experience to formulate effective strategies. To read the full-text of this research, you can request a copy directly from the author.... The push-and-pull theory is, however, the more widely used. In cultural tourism, the theory has been used to explore visitors' motivations and behaviours in various contexts, such as at pilgrimage centres Liro, 2021, African villages Lwoga and Mtura, 2020, indigenous tourism Chen, 2021 and language tourism Redondo-Carretero et al., 2017 to name a few. Push factors motivate or spark a desire to travel Dann, 1977 and can include relaxation, prestige, adventure and self-exploration. ...Purpose This study aimed to determine the motivations of a select group of South Africans in terms of their potential engagement with cultural tourism; more specifically, the study set out to show whether these motivations influence the cultural activities that the tourists want to participate in and whether their interest in specific cultural activities determines their destination choices. Furthermore, the mediating role of activities in the relationship between cultural motivations and destination choice was also assessed. Design/methodology/approach An online panel survey collected responses from 1 530 potential cultural tourists across South Africa. Hypotheses were tested, using structural equation modelling. Findings The results show that tourists' motivations for cultural tourism influence their likelihood of participating in specific cultural activities. Cultural tourism is shown to be influenced by more than learning and includes entertainment, relaxation, novelty and escape dimensions. There also seems to be a difference in the activities engaged in by destination type. For example, tourists likely to take part in indigenous cultural tourism activities are more likely to do so at hedonic destinations. Originality The paper increases our understanding of cultural tourism in South Africa and underlines the importance of communities in providing distinctive tourism activities. The study also has an important social dimension, highlighting the role of social status in cultural tourism consumption and destination selection. Practical implications This paper contributes to our understanding of cultural tourism activities, aiding destinations in attracting cultural tourists. Destinations need to develop activities that match visitor motivations, increase satisfaction and encourage visitors to return.... 382-383;Li et al., , p. 1810. In addition, researchers have recognized the role of tourist participation the tourism experience and behavior Kim et al., 2017, p. 869;Chen and Rahman, 2018, p. 10;Chen, 2021Chen, , p. 1911. Most studies on film culture tourism explore the tourists' perception and behavior of film tourism through the participation of tourists Kim et al., 2019b, p. 285 or celebrity attachment Tengand Chen, 2020;Thelen et al., 2020, p. 292. ...Yongshi LaoJianfei ZhuJinlin LiuThe importance of media-induced tourism has increased in the latest decade. The integration and collaboration of film elements is an especially effective pathway for the innovative development and upgrading of the experience of the cultural tourism industry. Existing studies on the mechanism of tourism destinations and cultural tourism development, mainly from the perspective of tourism destinations and tourist experience, have rarely explored the cultural tourism development mechanism from the perspective of interest-related community interaction in the film-enabling context. In this study, we conducted high-frequency word analysis and element category analysis of the online text data of the Japanese animation film Your Name from the angle of interest-related community interaction through utilizing online text analysis and Grounded Theory analysis. Based on the interest-related community interaction, we analyzed the elements of interest-related community interaction in cultural tourism triggered by the film, including tourist hotspots, tourism resources, the tourist experience, sightseeing expectations, tourism evaluation and information dissemination, and formulated the orientation pathway of film-enabling cultural tourism. In this study, we aimed to enrich cultural tourism research and provide a reference point and theoretical support for film-enabling cultural tourism in the Internet era by introducing the concept of interest-related community innovation to the scene of film-enabling cultural tourism.... onomic growth on the other see Murphy et al. 2020 for an exception. Moreover, the literature on specific economic development strategies includes empirical contexts within a narrow range of industries, primarily including gaming in the United States Reagan & Gitter, 2007 and tourism development in other countries Briedenhann & Wickens, 2004;Y. Chen, 2021, with a few studies of natural resource development Scudder, Herbohn, & Baynes, 2019, or energy production Dreveskracht, 2013. ...Indigenous Peoples and contexts have offered valuable insights to enrich management and organization theories and literature. Yet, despite their growing prevalence and impact, these insights have not been compiled and synthesized comprehensively. With this article, we provide a systematic and thorough analysis of Indigenous Management and Organization Studies research published over a 90-year period 1932 – 2021 and synthesize this body of work into a multi-dimensional framework, exploring the various features and methodological considerations of Indigenous research. Our analysis reveals that the literature in the field remains fragmented and dispersed across many different subfields and publication outlets, making it challenging for researchers to aggregate, synthesize, and build upon prior works. Our framework integrates insights into recurrent themes and provides a common language to further advance this vitally important field of research. Keywords Indigenous; Management; Organization; Literature Review... onomic growth on the other see Murphy et al. 2020 for an exception. Moreover, the literature on specific economic development strategies includes empirical contexts within a narrow range of industries, primarily including gaming in the United States Reagan & Gitter, 2007 and tourism development in other countries Briedenhann & Wickens, 2004;Y. Chen, 2021, with a few studies of natural resource development Scudder, Herbohn, & Baynes, 2019, or energy production Dreveskracht, 2013. ...This study investigates the conditions that influence organizational success in protecting the legitimacy of large capital investment projects in plural and complex institutional contexts. Following a bottom-up approach, we distinguish and measure the different components that characterize plural and complex institutional contexts. Then, we investigate under which context-specific conditions are different organizational responses linked to low organizational success. Our results show that contexts of volatile complexity lead to low success irrespective of the type of organizational response. Additionally, we find that incompatibility alone, a key feature of complex institutional contexts according to prior research, does not seriously compromise organizational success. Our dataset is comprised of the hearing transcripts of the regulatory review processes of 35 oil pipeline project proposals in Canada 1993 – 2018. Our research design combines topic modelling and fuzzy set Qualitative Comparative Analysis fsQCA.Cultural worldview CW refers to people's underlying general attitudes such as basic beliefs and perceptions of a culture. The cultural experience CE in tourism is multi-dimensional, but little research has paid attention to the relationship between CW and CE in cultural tourism, especially with regard to nature sites. This paper explores the scales of CW and CE in the Chinese context in order to examine their relationship and compare the difference between high and low self-cultivation groups. Taking Huangshan Mountain as the study area, 253 usable questionnaire forms from 2016 to 322 usable questionnaire forms from 2017 were collected. Through exploratory factor analysis EFA, confirmatory factor analysis CFA, structural equation modeling SEM and multi-group analysis, the following results were obtained 1 the scales of CW and CE in the Chinese context were identified; 2 the cultural linkages, cultural protection and Chinese traditional culture of nature in CW positively affected most dimensions of CE conservation education, scientific knowledge, person-valuing and high culture; and 3 for the high self-cultivation group, the relationships between CW and CE were stronger and most of the latent mean scores were greater than those of the low self-cultivation group. This study contributes to the research in both cultural and nature tourism and social psychology, and has practical implications for store managers—who constitute a substantial portion of the retailing sector—often have limited resources with which to practice the formalized, data-driven pricing processes prescribed in the literature. On that basis, this article addresses how independent convenience store managers arrive at prices and whether their practices are effective. To begin with, 33 interviews with independent convenience store managers identified six common beliefs and ten practices underlying managers' intuitive decision making. Based on point-of-sale survey data from 1,504 customers of two c-store chains at petrol stations, a second study compared market-oriented managerial beliefs with actual customer price perceptions and buying behaviors. The combined insights from these studies reveal that managers base their pricing decisions on beliefs that are only partially accurate and suggests how managers might benefit by altering their price-setting culture, and tourism appear to be strange bedfellows at its first glance, but on a closer look, their relationship is inseparable from each other. We argue that they are even indispensable of each other in today's tourism when increasingly more and more modern travelers seek not only the sun, sea, and sand but also an enriching, renovating, and educational cultural experience through their modern societies have become increasingly diverse, we witness elevated tensions between different cultural groups. Through spaces and representations they create, marketers provide interaction for various groups and we argue that marketing science, education and practice can play a transformative role in addressing these tensions. Towards this end, this paper contributes in three areas. First, we examine the structures and mechanisms underlying tensions and argue for a change from current policies of tolerance that merely recognize diversity, to actively seeking a well-being-enhancing multicultural engagement. Second, we provide a conceptual framework, employing a bridge metaphor that identifies the interactive marketplace domains of multicultural engagement security, visibility, opportunity, utility, competence, and cultural navigability. Third, from the framework, we derive an agenda for actions by marketing academe and practice to support each domain. Keywords Multicultural marketplace well-beingMulticultural engagement Transformative consumer research CultureMarketingThe quality of a transit node is determined by the experience of travellers. However, the reference model for classifying the quality of a transit node, the so-called Node-Place model, does not consider this important dimension experience. In this paper, we propose a method to add quality from a traveller's perspective to the Node-Place NP model by adding the experience value. The new model is called the Node-Place-Experience NPE model. A case study in Rotterdam in the Netherlands is used to apply and illustrate our proposal for the model extension to experience. A literature review provided the criteria for the experience value and the weights have been obtained by using a survey among 140 respondents as input for a multi criteria decision making method called Best Worst Method BWM. The case study shows that the experience value significantly influences the perceived quality of transit nodes and that the new method shows more accurate based on cultural issues is growing fast in recent years. This type of tourism promotes the diversification of demand and supply at destinations, while keeping and valuing the local culture. Improving our knowledge on cultural tourism could help to foster the sustainability of destinations. Despite efforts devoted to define the “cultural tourist”, still little is known about her/his particular behaviour. The objective of this paper is twofold. First, identifying the profile of cultural tourists versus visitors not pursuing any cultural activity. Second, and building on econometric modelling, comparing the behaviour of these two groups in terms of factors influencing expenditure and trip satisfaction. All these findings are putted in context regarding the literature on tourism sustainability. Afiya HolderLisa RuhanenPrevious studies exploring demand for Indigenous tourism have addressed a variety of aspects including market segmentation and clustering, as well as motivations, interest and visitor satisfaction with Indigenous tourism experiences. Less researched is the importance visitors place on the cultural elements of an Indigenous tourism experience. A qualitative netnographic approach was adopted to explore international visitors’ post-consumption narratives of their Indigenous tourism experiences in Australia. Four thousand six hundred and eighty-four TripAdvisor reviews of 38 Indigenous tourism products and experiences in Australia were analysed. The analysis showed that visitors placed most importance on the servicescape, that is, the physical elements and ambient environment of the experience, ahead of the cultural elements of the experience. Although culture or the Indigenous content per se was not the most important factor identified post-experience, visitors did focus on the service-oriented nature and professionalism of the guide. The findings of this study expand the existing literature on Indigenous tourism and recommendations for Indigenous tourism businesses are made regarding the importance of the servicescape to the Indigenous tourism experience. Gonzalo Luna-CortésThis research examines how symbolic consumption can be extended to the consumption of experiences. As shown in the results, when customers think that one experience reinforces their identities, they perceive higher value. In addition, perceived value influences satisfaction and satisfaction influences revisit intention. Furthermore, the results indicate that, when consumers want to materialize their experience, they use the basic tool of virtual social networks. In connection with that, consumers use more of their digital social networks when they perceive congruence between their experience and identity. It is indicated as well that higher social value and satisfaction increases the intensity of the use of social sites. Based on the results, some managerial guidelines are included. Susanna Heldt CasselTeresa Miranda MaureiraThe aim of this paper is to analyze the ways in which Indigenous tourism affects representations of identity and culture, and how tourism practices are described, negotiated and related to development in Indigenous communities. This aim is met through a study, including interviews and observations in Québec, Canada, where Indigenous tourism has received increased attention and economic importance in recent years. Tourism is put forward as positive for economic as well as social and cultural development, through alternative income opportunities and the revalorization of traditions and cultural practices. Individuals from four different ethnic nations were involved in the study Innu formerly known as Montagnais, Cree Eeyou, Wôbanaki Abénakis and Hurons Wendat. From the interviews conducted for this study, we find that Indigenous tourism influences the ways in which individuals see themselves, and how they perceive their identity and culture. Through the production of Indigenous tourism products, the notion of authenticity is challenged, and performed in ways that benefit contemporary life within the communities. But these performances may also reproduce or challenge traditional Indigenous identities, and fuel tensions and conflicts between different groups within the paper aims to explore the relationships between place attachment and perceived authenticity of major visitor attractions. The empirical study was conducted with a sample of international tourists to major visitor attractions in two capital cities, Helsinki, Finland and Jerusalem, Israel. The results indicate a positive correlation between place attachment and authenticity. Major visitor attractions located in places with considerable heritage experience value are considered more authentic, and that authenticity of visitor attractions is influenced by place attachment moderated by iconicity and heritage value of the destination region. These findings provide insight to the ways tourists perceive authenticity of visitor attractions and highlight the importance of the heritage value of tourism destinations for strategic planning and marketing last decades, tourism development in Moldova has improved in terms of tourist flows, both as a diversification of tourism demand and tourism products. These improvements give grounds for an optimistic prognosis for the tourist industry in Moldova. Regarding this, authors revisits the phenomenon of cultural tourism in the country, in order to identify cultural tourism potential through cultural consumption among tourists, applying a special tourism survey. At the same time, there are a number of factors which may endanger sustainable development of tourism in Moldova, this is due primary by a imperfect cultural management that risks to endanger cultural heritage from the country. Another critical limitation on the development of cultural tourism is the low involvement of the population in cultural and tourist events held in the country. The study concludes that current situation calls for a more flexible and innovative approach to tourism industry development in the study investigates the push and pull factor in determining the feeling of satisfactions of urban park visitors. As the results, the factors that influenced and pushed the visitors to visit the park are associated with the natural elements that appear as beautiful, cooling, well maintained and organized which also include their enormous appreciation towards animals. Beside the physical characteristics, values and benefits of the areas are also associated with their feeling of satisfaction. Sceneries appeared as unsafe and not well maintained such as lawn, groundcovers, shrubs and garden path giving a pulling impact and less satisfied by the visitors. Garry ChickThe coverage of and interest in non‐Western and cross‐cultural aspects of leisure seems to be on the increase in leisure studies. Although this is a welcome trend in the current climate of multiculturalism, there is currently no systematic agenda for the anthropological study of leisure. I suggest that four issues should be addressed to serve as a foundation for an anthropology of leisure. These include a the ethnography of leisure, b the cross‐cultural validity of the concept of leisure, c leisure and adaptation, and d leisure and the evolution of culture. Although my position is scientific, materialistic, and comparative, researchers who bring other perspectives can also contribute to the cross‐cultural understanding of leisure. Most important, anthropologists must come to realize that leisure is a topic worth their attention, and leisure researchers must make use of anthropological resources and not just reprise old and erroneous beliefs about leisure and culture that have become canonical in the tourism has seen significant growth in recent years. This type of cultural tourism is often seen as a way to promote and reinforce native culture and provide pro-poor benefits to the local community. This research extends the predominantly supply-side view of indigenous tourism put forward by Smith [1996. Indigenous tourism The four Hs. In R. Butler & T. Hinch Eds., Tourism and indigenous peoples pp. 283 – 307. Toronto International Thomson Business Press] who used the four Hs of Habitat, Heritage, History and Handicrafts as a framework to examine indigenous tourism. The paper argues that from the demand-side, tourists attracted to and interested in indigenous tourism are likely to be adventurous, want authenticity, seek education and desire personal interaction. These four attributes of the tourist complement the four "H"s of indigenous tourism. By combining both the demand and supply perspective, this research contributes to a more holistic view of indigenous tourism and provides an extended framework in which to analyse indigenous culture is increasingly utilised as a means of social and economic development, the cultural tourism market is being flooded with new attractions, cultural routes and heritage centres. However, many consumers, tired of encountering the serial reproduction of culture in different destinations are searching for alternatives. The rise of skilled consumption, the importance of identity formation and the acquisition of cultural capital in postmodern society point towards the use of creativity as an alternative to conventional cultural tourism. This paper considers the development of creative spaces, creative spectacles and creative tourism from the perspective of supply and demand. The need for creativity in developing new products and how to address the challenge of serial reproduction are discussed, and examples of creative tourism projects are examined and contrasted to traditional models of cultural work utilizes an expert-based framework for the hybrid of in-depth interviews, Fuzzy Delphi Method FDM, Analytic Network Process ANP, Weighted Linear Combination WLC to evaluate cultural tourism strategies for Fucheng Historical District in Tainan City, Taiwan. A set of indicators were proposed through in-depth interviews with experts. Then, FDM was employed to select criteria, sub-criteria. The weight-based computation through ANP demonstrated that historical and cultural value is highly prioritized in criteria, whereas cultural assets and preservation of historical buildings are significant sub-criteria. In addition, we find that “cultural and creative clusters” is a prioritized strategy that should be adopted in historic-route-based cultural tourism. Finally, WLC indicated that Route VI is the most suitable route to organize “cultural and creative clusters”. In order to call for the sustainable implementation of tourism development, the proposed modelling approach is an effective tool that provides a comprehensive understanding to develop tourism mixture of identities, livelihoods and a heterogeneous landscape characterizes the communities located in the rural-urban frontier. The perception of the inhabitants of these communities regarding environmental and sociocultural change is linked to their livelihoods and land use decisions. We use the case study of the ancient agricultural chinampa system in the Xochimilco wetland of Mexico City to understand the main threats and opportunities for peri-urban agriculture in megacities, where the rapid displacement of agricultural land by formal and informal settlements makes its future uncertain. We used a household survey and semi-structured interviews to understand 1 the relationship between agriculture and informal urbanization, and 2 the perception of chinampa users, considering those who are engaged in agriculture and those who are not, regarding the factors that favor or limit agriculture. The information from interviews was coded and conceptualized as pull and push factors for peri-urban agriculture. Sociocultural factors were mentioned as the main reasons that push chinampas into agriculture abandonment, such as community erosion due to conflicts and lack of interest from younger generations. However, those that continue to engage in agriculture maintain a historical connection to farming whether they are from the region or not, and a willingness to adapt to maintain their agricultural livelihood. We find that while some families abandon their agricultural land, new niches become available for migrants from other surrounding rural areas who find opportunities to continue farming in the peri-urban frontier. Our evidence suggests that the loss of peri-urban agriculture is not a linear process towards urbanization, and that the coexistence of housing, agriculture, and livelihood diversification can produce the conditions needed for innovation to encourage peri-urban ChenJian-Ming LoPurpose Decision-making is always an issue that managers have to deal with. Keenly observing to different preferences of the targets provides useful information for decision-makers who do not require too much information to make decisions. The main purpose is to avoid decision-makers in a dilemma because of too much or opaque information. Based on problem-oriented, this research aims to help decision-makers to develop a macro-vision strategy that fits the needs of different clusters of customers in terms of their favorite restaurants. This research also focuses on providing the rules to rank data sets for decision-makers to make choices for their favorite restaurant. Design/methodology/approach When the decision-makers need to rethink a new strategic planning, they have to think about whether they want to retain or rebuild their relationship with the old consumers or continue to care for new customers. Furthermore, many of the lecturers show that the relative concept will be more effective than the absolute one. Therefore, based on rough set theory, this research proposes an algorithm of related concepts and sends questionnaires to verify the efficiency of the algorithm. Findings By feeding the relative order of calculating the ranking rules, we find that it will be more efficient to deal with the faced problems. Originality/value The algorithm proposed in this research is applied to the ranking data of food. This research proves that the algorithm is practical and has the potential to reveal important patterns in the data Studies in Caucasian populations suggest that interest among medical students in pursuing a surgical career is dwindling. We sought to investigate these trends and to evaluate the impact of resident teaching in a multiethnic Asian population. Study design Between 2015 and 2017, 1780 Singaporean third- and fifth-year medical students completed a structured anonymized questionnaire following the completion of an 8-week general surgery rotation. Medical students’ impressions of their faculty and resident mentors were analyzed using hierarchical multilevel mixed-effects models. Results Respondents’ opinions of general surgery improved from ± points to ± points on a 5-point Likert scale P < Medical students were more likely to regard their interaction with residents as a “pull” factor compared to their interaction with faculty members vs P < Our analyses revealed 9 statistically-significant “pull” factors and 5 “push” factors which attract or deter Asian medical students from a career in surgery. Comparing the pedagogical qualities of resident and faculty mentors, we found that residents surpassed faculty mentors in 9 domains, had comparable appraisal scores on 3 domains, and fared worse than faculty on 8 domains. Importantly, residents fared better at promoting interest in a surgical career P = and influencing the career aspirations of medical students P < compared with faculty members. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the largest study from a Southeast Asian country providing representative sample numbers. With this knowledge of pull and push factors, the surgical clerkship can be improved by emphasizing pull factors and preparing students to cope with the push factors. Finally, our findings suggest that bringing in residents as mentors to medical students may improve the pipeline of students interested in pursuing surgery after medical school. Si ShiDogan GursoyLiujing ChenUtilizing a two-step mixed method approach, this study firstly identifies salient dimensions of home-sharing stay experience based on the premises of the intimacy theory through a qualitative analysis and then empirically examines the mechanism through which home-sharing stay experience impacts tourism experience and destination image perceptions. Six salient dimensions of home-sharing stay experience space presence, social presence, knowledge sharing, activity sharing, host interaction, and guest interaction are identified through the qualitative research. Utilizing the instrument developed to measure salient dimensions of home-sharing stay experience holistically, this study finds that space presence, social presence, and knowledge sharing positively contribute to tourists' authentic tourism experience. Findings further indicate that knowledge sharing, activity sharing, and host interaction are positively related to tourists' cultural experience. Tourists' cultural and authentic tourism experiences are found to be positively related to their cognitive and affective perceptions of destination PykeSarah Pyke Richard WatuwaThis paper examines the effects of social tourism on a First Nation community. Hypothesizing that social tourism promotes self-reported subjective well-being SWB, we conducted an experiment to analyze the SWB effects of a one-day trip on low-income families from a First Nation community. Confirming our hypothesis, results show improved SWB mean scores in four of six domains namely family relations, social life, material well-being, and leisure. Results also demonstrate that SWB effects are shaped by gender and age. These results have significant implications for policy related development, particularly in regard to First Nation and low-income communities. Moreover, this study is the first to apply social tourism theory to a First Nation community, making its results and implications tourism is considered an attraction within a destination that significantly stimulates economic growth, particularly for local communities. The aim of this study is to explore the interrelationship between indigenous people and policymakers in rural tourism development areas. This article emphasizes that the complexity of the relationship between indigenous people and policymakers often becomes a “rivalry” rather than a collaboration to work together as a team. The reliance and dependence of the indigenous people on local government also depend on how well the local government coordinates its governing bodies to work side-by-side with the indigenous community. The results indeed reveal that a complicated relationship exists between the indigenous people and policymakers; one of the reasons is due to the existence of local importance of outbound markets to a host country has increased scholars' interest in understanding motivational factors. Motivation is a basic determinant of tourists' behaviour and has a fundamental role in tourism. The awareness of motivational differences among tourists from main generating markets is a prerequisite for effective and successful destination marketing programs. However, cross-cultural motivation comparisons of tourists from different cultural backgrounds has received relatively little research attention. In addition, there has not been a content analysis undertaken on this topic. Therefore, the aim of this research was to examine and synthesise previous studies on cross-cultural tourist motivation comparison, reveal the gaps in the literature and indicate the future research trends. A review of 71 publications covering a period of 30 years, from 1988 to 2017, was conducted. This study focuses on both subject areas and research methods used. The findings of this content analysis identified a recent growth in cross-cultural comparison studies. The analysis also revealed an increase in more advanced analysis including multiple variables such as motivations, satisfaction, segmentation of visitors, intention behaviours, and information search behaviour. The analysis of nationalities compared in the reviewed studies indicated the shift of research interest towards Asian countries. In the case of research methods, quantitative design is more common for cross-cultural motivation studies. Ade OriadePeter SchofieldThe purpose of this paper is to examine the relationships between service quality, perceived value, satisfaction and behavioural intentions in the UK attraction context. Data was collected in the Midlands Region of the UK from two visitor attractions utilising a mixed-mode survey approach. A total of 507 usable questionnaires were analysed using ordinary least squares OLS multiple regression analysis to examine the relationship between the constructs. The findings confirm the cognitive-affective-conative order between the service constructs within the context of UK visitor attractions. This study has improved the understanding of the role of value in service experiences, particularly in the attraction context, providing evidence that value exerts substantial influence on satisfaction and behavioural intention. More specifically, emotional value exerts more influence on satisfaction and behavioural intention than other forms of value. Managers need to view the visitor experience holistically rather than concentrating on one or two service The acceleration of globalization is causing global trade transactions to become increasingly frequent, which leads to the internationalized design of consumer products. However, due to cultural differences, the user experience in different parts of the world with the same product may be different. In addition, the user experience is not static, but changes over the different usage stages for a product since the role of our senses may vary and different emotions may be elicited. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to explore how the interaction between the user and the product influences cross-cultural sensory modalities and emotional responses to products. Design/methodology/approach Due to the fact that drinking tea can provide dynamic feedback of users’ sensory experiences including all five senses, two kinds of tea products from two considerably different cultures China and the Netherlands were chosen for the study. The experiment was conducted in five stages corresponding to different levels of interaction with two tea products. Measurements for both Chinese and Dutch participants were conducted by means of collecting subjective data for sensory modalities and emotions related to product experiences throughout the five stages. Findings Results showed that tea experience tends to be dynamic between the two different countries over different usage periods, including sensory modalities and the emotional responses. Practical implications The findings and design & market implications can be applied to optimize the design or market of international tea products or consumer products in other categories. They will be helpful for the international marketing of tea, especially for those who are interested in breaking into the Chinese tea market and those who are interested in promoting Chinese tea in new markets. In addition, the authors’ methods to evaluate the dynamics of the importance of sensory modalities and emotions could be used to test the user experience in the product lifecycle to help develop a successful international product. Originality/value The findings and the linked design implications could be important not only for a theoretical understanding of cross-cultural sensory and emotional feedback from a product experience, but also for the optimization of product design for the international that encapsulate global- and local-level movement of people, capital, information, material and intangible heritage across boundaries influence distant socio-cultural structures and processes linking them to evolving global networks. Indigenous cultural tourism is a catalyst of mobilities that expose the habitats of distant spaces. This paper examines the Vedda community’s concurrent context and indigenous tourism-informed mobilities’ contributions to transforming their cultural character through anthropological approaches. Data were collected through a series of interviews, overt observation and review of documents. Findings indicate that the Vedda are susceptible to the influence of mobilities within and without the indigenous tourism practices. Enforced restructuring and governance push Vedda towards novel livelihoods, while automobilities, image, communication and geopolitical mobilities challenge Vedda heritage and temporalities. Vedda lead a hybrid life; real one being modern and the other being pseudo attributed for tourist attraction. Indigenous cultural tourism causes losing the inherited meaning of their cultural values. The Vedda, with their anatomically proven Mesolithic inheritance, have drawn world’s attention to preserving and recognizing them before their unique culture is subsumed by the modern world. Findings indicate that tourism planners should realize the significance of distinctive Vedda heritage parallel to commercial gains of tourism. Thanathorn VajirakachornJongsawas ChongwatpolLocal festivals and special events are known to have a great impact on the local community, society, economy, and culture. Massive data about products tourists purchase, services they experience, destination choices they evaluate, and accommodations they select at the events can be captured, but the key question is how to translate such data into meaningful information so that event organizers understand the behavior of tourists in order to increase their satisfaction and boost revenues and profits. This study outlines a way to integrate a business intelligence framework to manage and turn data into insights for festival tourism. This framework combines the architecture of database management, business analytics, business performance management, and data visualization to guide the analyst in drawing knowledge from the visitor data. A case study from a local festival in Thailand is conducted to demonstrate the practical validity of the proposed business intelligence paper studies why British tourists decide to travel to a particular destination in a Catalan region. The analysis is based on a survey that includes open-ended questions. First, we propose the operationalization of the concepts of motivation and meaning as push–pull factors when choosing a destination. Second, an ontology-based clustering method is presented, which makes it possible to analyse these qualitative factors from a semantic perspective to obtain tourist segments. A benchmark confirms that the segmentation obtained is better than that generated using classic clustering methods The results show that different meanings can be associated with any single provide economic, social and cultural benefits to the communities in which they occur, and contribute to event tourism and destination marketing. This research reports a meta-analysis of the festival literature to evaluate the factors that contribute to festival satisfaction and loyalty. Attributes were classified into six categories activities, authenticity/uniqueness, concessions, environment, escape and socialization. The analysis revealed that festival activities program, entertainment, thematic activities and environment atmosphere, convenience, facilities are the most important determinants of satisfaction and loyalty. Two perceptions were evaluated cost/value and service quality. The analysis revealed that cost/value is important for both satisfaction and loyalty, whereas service quality is relatively unimportant. Satisfaction with the festival is strongly related to loyalty. The findings suggest that festival planners should focus on providing an enjoyable program in a comfortable environment at a reasonable price. This strategy will cultivate repeat attendance and stimulate future visits to the festival brings new cultural experiences and choices. Not only can people choose musical, culinary, and literary activities from other cultures, but they also can choose experiences that mix cultures together. We propose that preference for culturally mixed experiences hinges on preconceptions about cultural differences, or “diversity ideologies,” namely colorblindness, multiculturalism, and polyculturalism. In Study 1, we measured participants' endorsement of these three diversity ideologies and their preferences for culturally unitary versus mixed experiences. Results showed that polyculturalism the mindset that cultures interact and contribute to each other was positively associated with liking of culturally mixed experiences. In Study 2, we experimentally induced these three mindsets and found that the polycultural mindset heightened preferences for culturally mixed experiences. In Study 3, we replicated the positive effect of polyculturalism on preference for cultural mixes but not other kinds of mixes. Further, the effect of polyculturalism on people's choice of cultural mixes was mediated by purity concerns. We discuss implications for the psychology of aim of this exploratory study is to describe, examine, and analyze the manner in which tour guides in Israel gaze at the groups of foreign tourists they lead, in light of their close familiarity and cumulative experience with them. How do Israeli tour guides view different types of tourists, tourist behaviors, and tourist worldviews? The concept of gaze’ refers to the manner in which people view the world around them. When a gaze is focused, it may include both visual and nonvisual elements. The study methodology is based on a grounded theory approach and on in-depth interviews with Israeli tour guides regarding their attitudes toward and perceptions and images of the tourists in their groups. The study proposes a model of five complementary gazes that develop over time, which depicts the processes and elements that help shape how hosts understand the tourists with whom they come in contact. Although the model was based on findings generated by interviews with Israeli tour guides, who are professional hosts, it may also be applicable to other kinds of hosts in different article proposes serious tourist as an approach that has the potential to assist in the development of sustainable indigenous tourism. Many indigenous places have reformed their economies by introducing tourism with ethnic culture as the core attraction. However, many have experienced adverse consequences, resulting in threats to the sustainability of indigenous communities. The main debates over sustainable indigenous tourism involve tensions and disputes regarding culturally appropriate development and economic gains. A serious tourist approach can contribute to the achievement of these dual goals of sustainable development. Visitors with a serious approach towards indigenous tourism will more likely express economic support for indigenous culture by spending on culture-related products and services. Likewise, serious travellers will reveal their respect and support for indigenous culture by seeking authentic experiences and donating to cultural conservation. These propositions regarding serious travellers are assessed and confirmed in the context of an indigenous destination in study of Chinese nature tourism is a relatively independent research realm which adopts a cultural perspective to study the tourist experience. Chinese tourists are regarded as being accustomed to experiencing nature through associating it with high culture such as landscape poetry and paintings, calligraphy, and so on, and the impacts of traditional popular culture are seldom addressed. Yet, for the majority of Chinese, popular culture has significant influences on their behavior. From a cultural divergence approach, this paper chooses Huangshan Mountain as a case to investigate the way common Chinese people experience nature, and it is found that cultural impacts are differentiated, since neither cultures nor tourist groups are homogeneous. Specifically, tourists can be classified into classicists and folklorists according to whether they have professional knowledge about the traditional arts. As the majority of Chinese are folklorists and are largely neglected in the research, they are the main interest of this study. High culture has a weak impact on folklorists because they lack professional knowledge to associate with nature through high culture. It is popular culture that strongly influences folklorists’ behaviors in their drawing farfetched analogies to nature and praying to Responding to the rapid growth of outbound travel from China, Australia's national tourism body, Tourism Australia, is investing considerable efforts into strategically positioning the Australian tourism industry to be 'China-ready' through targeted marketing programs, formalized policy and planning, and industry education and training. Yet Australia's indigenous tourism sector, while declining across international markets generally, also appears to be missing the opportunities available from the growth in inbound Chinese tourists to the country. Therefore, this study sought to explore the intersection of Australia's indigenous tourism sector and the Chinese market through a multi-method and participant approach that examined inbound Chinese tourists' relative demand, motivations and preferences, and opportunities and barriers. The findings of the study are examined in the context of understanding the Chinese inbound market, as well as Tourism Australia's marketing and promotion initiatives for the inbound Chinese development for remote Indigenous places’ is globally expounded for the potential to garner economic benefits for socio-economically disadvantaged Indigenous citizens. In remote 'Outback' areas of Australia, where half the population are First Australians, tourism is an important industry but has been in decline in recent decades. Whilst Indigenous tourism product development has been pursued it has, along with other niche markets, delivered at best limited and isolated successes. But Indigenous people in Outback Australia are themselves highly mobile, making frequent and regular trips away from home communities and towns. In the past these trips were labelled derogatorily as walkabout’, in spite of trip characteristics positing those on the move’ firmly within accepted definitions of tourism. Few studies to date have explicitly considered Indigenous citizens as tourists, and there has been no systematic research on the potential size or characteristics of the market’, an awkward contradiction given the historical focus on generating tourism at places where Indigenous people live. This research analyses Census data for Australia from the perspective of providing baseline information about the potential of the Indigenous tourist market to support Outback tourism, focusing on identifying the size and characteristics of the internal Outback market and the flows and characteristics of people to and from other meta regions. The results clearly demonstrate there is a potential, with the profile of Indigenous visitors to Outback areas being very different to those travelling away. With financial gains being only one of the potential benefits, this should prompt a re-envisioning of the phenomenon of Indigenous mobility as it may relate to tourism and encourage a research agenda examining market tourism is positioned as an integral part of Australia's tourism product offering. Yet participation in Indigenous tourism experiences by both international and domestic markets is in decline. The demand for, and interest in, Australia's indigenous culture that has been consistently portrayed by Australian government agencies has not translated into sustainable visitor flows for many indigenous tourism businesses. Therefore, the aim of this research was to explore visitor demand for indigenous tourism through interviews with 1357 international and domestic tourists. To overcome some of the limitations of previous indigenous tourism studies, this study used the Attrition Curve of Tourist Demand’ to determine if insights could be gained by analysing the consumer decision making process awareness, preferences and intentions. The results of the research show that while there has been much progress in the development of this niche tourism sector, there is low awareness, preference and intention to participate in indigenous tourism experiences in VongThe aim of the paper is to study how cultural tourist typologies apply in an urban gaming destination and how such typologies could aid in the segmentation and profiling of this niche tourist market. Results showed that there exists a certain demand for cultural tourism in Macao and there are different ways to distinguish between cultural and non-cultural tourists, as well as to identify sub-groups of cultural tourists. The three approaches used to distinguish between the two cohorts came up with different percentages of cultural tourists within the total tourist sample. Other findings showed significant differences in trip characteristics and information search behaviour between the two cohorts and among sub-groups of cultural tourists. Such information could be used for profiling purposes. The resulting profiles have implications on marketing and promotion strategies which should not focus only on tourists' primary motives but should attempt to induce or arouse their secondary interests. The methodology could be applied to other destinations hoping to develop cultural tourism. Raynald Harvey LemelinRhonda KosterNicholina YouroukosThis article examines two successful Aboriginal-tourism initiatives in Northern Canada. First, we review the literature on successful tourism indicators; following this review, we provide a rationale for the development of our own indicators and their subsequent application to our case studies. The case studies include the Cree Village Eco Lodge in Northern Ontario and the Spirit Bear Lodge in British Columbia, Canada. Our framework focuses on both indicators for success and evaluations of success. The discussion and conclusion sections examine the value of developing success indicators that capture both tangible and intangible variables and standardizing case study descriptions. We also highlight how the lessons acquired from these case studies can be applied to Northern Canada specifically and peripheral regions generally. Richard FellowsAnita M. M. LiuCulture is an all-pervading construct of human existence but its conceptualization is contested. As such, it is problematic to define or measure culture as different paradigms adopt radically different approaches. Emic approaches are, essentially, inward-looking and, via a constructivist paradigm, assert that a culture can be investigated validly only from that culture’s own perspective idiographic. Etic approaches are concerned with an outside view, especially for cross-cultural investigations, and so tend to adopt a positivist perspective using surveys, models and dimensions nomothetic. With increasing acceptance of varying conceptualizations, multiple methodologies and methods of research, founded on alternative philosophical stances, differing approaches to researching culture are pursued. However, several important issues of debate remain and are addressed, especially surrounding the seminal work of Geert Hofstede. Further concerns relate to levels of analyses notably, the ecological fallacy and its reverse, scales of measurement for data collection and analysis, and their combination into indices. How people adapt to and accommodate different cultures is addressed, including structuring of organizational relationships alliances, etc. and the enduring debate over whether culture can be managed and the likely consequences of cultural management endeavours. Thus, the approach of positive criticism is adopted in this review of theory and literature to address the main issues in both the topic of culture and its philosophical underpinnings, and of how research methodologies and methods have been used in researching culture. Aspects of good practice and of less good practice are identified throughout to assist researchers and to stimulate further rigorous research into culture in construction. Primary findings emphasize the imperative of coherent and consistent uses of models and levels of analysis, care and rigour in use of scales and attention to the impacts of language and culture on data from respondents. John ArmbrechtFew applications to assess the value of cultural experiences exist. This is particularly frustrating for cultural institutions, as it provides them with few opportunities to reveal their importance in terms of attractiveness and thus what drives tourism demand. This study applies the travel cost method TCM and contingent valuation method CVM to assess the value of two rural cultural institutions in order to compare the results of the valuation methods. The results reveal that visitor experiences consist of a core cultural experience as well as other valuable experiences before and after. Whereas CVM allows for a valuation of the core cultural experience separately from other experiences, the TCM is limited to an overall assessment. The TCM is therefore an inappropriate measure of the value of the cultural experiences when the total experience includes several other experiences. If visitors travel for the sake of only one cultural experience, TCM may be preferable due to its simple applicability and cost efficiency. If, however, as is most often the case, a cultural experience is part of a bundle of experiences, the application of CVM is recommendable. This is also the case, if only visitors who state the cultural experience to be the primary reason for travelling are included. Scott MccabeSarah JohnsonNew research is emerging on the relationships between tourism and quality of life QOL and subjective well-being SWB. This paper develops a measure of SWB and reports findings from a two-step survey that measured changes in well-being amongst low-income individuals who had received financial support to access a holiday break social tourists’. This is the first study to assess well-being amongst social tourists. The findings indicate that tourism contributes to social tourist’s well-being. There are greater effects in some areas including psychological resources, leisure and family life domains contributing to social well-being. Social tourists have lower levels of SWB than the general population. Further studies are needed to compare tourism’s contribution to SWB amongst mainstream study extends existing research by applying a novelty-seeking scale in a new locational and substantive context. It examines motivations of tourists visiting aboriginal cultural villages through administration and analysis of a survey at two sites in Taiwan. Although most respondents were found to be novelty-seekers, they differed in many other ways. Tourists were successfully classified on the bases of differences in preferred activity and social contact dimensions of behavior. No differences were found between package and self-guided tourists, perhaps because activities are constrained by the site attributes and because almost all visiting these aboriginal sites are quête de la nouveauté aux attractions aborigènes. Cette étude pousse plus loin la recherche en appliquant une échelle de la quête de la nouveauté dans un nouveau contexte de lieu et de substance. Elle examine les motivations des visiteurs aux villages culturels indigènes par moyen d’une enquête à deux sites taiwanais. Quoique la plupart des sondés soient des chercheurs de nouveauté, ils se distinguent à beaucoup d’autres égards. On classifie les touristes selon leur activité préférée et leur comportement de contact social. On n’a trouvé aucune différence entre les touristes de voyage organisé et les touristes indépendants, peut-être parce que les activités sont contraintes par les attributs du site et parce que presque tous les visiteurs à ces sites aborigènes cherchent la nouveauté. Mihee KangGianna MoscardoCulture is an important dimension of tourism, both as an attraction for visitors and as a characteristic that influences visitor behaviour and interaction with destination residents and tourism staff. In recognition of this importance, there has been a steady increase in the number of studies examining cross-cultural differences in various aspects of tourism. The environment is also an important dimension of tourism, and discussions of sustainability and the management of the environmental impacts of tourism are very common in the literature, especially in publications on eco-tourism. This paper will bring together these two core dimensions of culture and environment in an analysis of cross-cultural differences in tourist attitudes towards eco-tourism. More specifically, the paper reports on a study comparing the responses of Korean, Australian and British tourists with a set of 14 statements designed to measure attitudes towards responsible tourist behaviours. The results indicated that, while age and gender were variables that influenced some tourist attitudes, there were also significant differences between the three national cultural groups on most of the attitude statements. In addition, a series of factor analyses indicated that the different national cultural groups organized their perceptions of responsible tourist behaviour in very different ways. Implications of these results for the provision of eco-tourism products and for enhancing sustainable tourism are Aboriginal-guided decolonizing methodology is employed in this study to examine the leisure-like lived experiences of urban-dwelling Metis and First Nations women and men living with diabetes N = 42 in Winnipeg, Canada. Directed by the Aboriginal knowledge and world views to ensure cultural sensitivity and relevance, this methodology served as foreground for the voices of the Aboriginal study participants into three key themes of leisure-like pursuits. The first two themes, 1 family, friends, and relationship-oriented pursuits and 2 helping people in community, are closely related within the nature of Aboriginal relationships. The third theme is spiritual and cultural activities. An overarching quality of these leisure-like pursuits is engagement in enjoyable activities that are a meaningful expression of lived culture. Heather ZeppelThe eighth annual Australian Tourism and Hospitality Research Conference was held at Conrad Jupiters Hotel on the Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia, from 11–14 February, 1998. Hosted by the Centre for Tourism and Hotel Management at Griffith University Gold Coast, the conference was attended by some 256 delegates, principally from universities in Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Korea, Guam, The Bahamas, North America and Western Europe, providing courses in tourism, leisure, recreation, hospitality, hotel management and marketing. Other conference participants were Australian government tourism personnel, environmental agencies, tourism consultants and allied researchers from other BurtonPostmodernism has provided valuable insights into the cultural significance of shopping and shopping sites in advanced societies. Despite their important contribution, postmodern accounts of shopping behaviour have predominantly focused on shopping in public spaces of malls and high streets. In this paper it will be argued that postmodern accounts of consumer shopping behaviour need to be developed and applied within the home shopping and wider remote shopping context. Directions for future research are C. H. Tao Geoffrey WallSustainable development and its derivative, sustainable tourism, have both conceptual and practical deficiencies that have frustrated their application. A sustainable livelihoods approach is introduced as being more practical, especially in the common situation in which communities and individuals sustain themselves by multiple activities rather than discrete jobs. When tourism is introduced into a community, it is important that it complements rather than displaces existing activities. A case study is presented of an aboriginal community in Taiwan to illustrate the links between tourism and other livelihood strategies. 1. IntroductionTourism has been identified as a vital mechanism of sustainable development in rural indigenous areas [1,2,3,4]. Since indigenous areas have profound ethnic culture and ecological significance and sensitivity, successful tourism development must consider the perceptions of the local community in order to build a mutual relationship grounded on respect, trust, and feasibility to create local acceptance and support [2,5,6,7,8]. Increased attention is being focused on the extension from agricultural to tourism development in rural indigenous areas in order to create impacts such as economic activation, income and employment production, public infrastructure creation, culture preservation, and nature conservation [4,7,9,10]. Although tourism development has desired impacts, it can also produce undesired consequences. Depending on the case, those undesired impacts may include local culture dilution, pollution, conflicts with tourists, and damage to the natural environment [11,12,13,14,15]. Local communities are in direct contact with the changes in their community in which they both tolerate and benefit from the consequences of tourism development. The concerns that have arisen over indigenous residents’ perceptions and opinion have become a critical consideration in sustainable tourism planning and a focus of tourism impact research [2,5]. There has been a shift in attention from a focus on tourism impacts to how the impacts are perceived and chosen by the hosting community in the context of tourism development strategies [3,5,11,12,16]. Understand the attitude and perception of the local residents is fundamental for making informed decisions and selecting optimum practices in tourism development. Impacts of Tourism DevelopmentIn terms of tourism impact, as tourists interact with the local environment, economy, and community, tourism activities generate combined influences on the economic, natural, cultural, and societal status in the destination. A number of books and papers have focused on a wide range of multi-faceted characteristics related to tourism impacts and have stated that the consequences can be positive and beneficial as well as negative and undesired [11,14]. The following two sections provide literature reviews of tourism development concerning its impacts on the local economy, environment, and society. Economic and Environmental Impacts of TourismThere has been a wave of interest in the relationship of economic impacts in hosting communities. Much of the research on economic impacts has centered on the effects of income and employment since the local residents generally anticipate and seek to benefit from economic stimulations through job opportunities in tourism service or sales pertaining to food, accommodation, crafts, and activities [16,17,18,19]. Although tourism can negatively impact the economy through aspects such as inflation, public sectors often consider positive economic impacts as the main tourism impacts and therefore prefer to select tourism as the development approach instead of other industrial options, especially for rural area development. Environmental impacts have been widely investigated to contribute insights into tourism. The literature suggests that the environmental impacts of tourism principally depend on local conditions, such as locality, activity type, form of tourist infrastructure, and can be the result of the planning practices [7,8,20]. In terms of carrying capacity, some places are more fragile than others, such as rural vs. urban areas; the type of activity influences the impacts on the site [15], such as hiking by foot vs. riding all-terrain vehicles. In addition, the preparation of infrastructure and construction for tourism service substantially affects impacts [17,20,21]. Newly constructed buildings, roads, parking lots, and facilities, if not carefully planned, can impact local ecological habitats, damage original visual resources, and weaken the site’s resilience to natural disasters in extreme weather, such as soil erosion, landslides, and use overload. Environmental pollution due to increased tourism, such as traffic congestion, littering, and noise, is an important impact that affects the quality of residents’ daily lives [12,22]. From the growing body of literature on tourism impacts, although there are positive impacts on the environment, such as environmental protection and conservation, the relationship between tourism and the environment has been unequal. Tourism is conventionally considered a substantial contributor to environmental problems rather than a vehicle for environmental protection. Societal and Empowering Impacts of TourismTourism also significantly impacts societal aspects [8,16]. Research has empirically documented the links between tourism development and the changes in a group of people, their interactions, attitudes, and behavior patterns, as well as impacts on cultural aspects, which involve knowledge, values, and art [13]. These aspects and their intricate relationships have been described in the literature by both qualitative and quantitative investigations. The findings of those studies reflect the context-sensitive nature of the socio-cultural impacts of tourism [7,23]. Researchers have shown that tourism has both positive and negative socio-culture impacts. The positive impacts include the effects on the renaissance of traditional activities, arts, crafts, the revitalization of cultural social life style, as well as the stimulation of supportive resources, the preservation of traditional architectures and historical remains, and the protection of scenic landscapes [5,16,17,24,25]. The negative impacts include issues of cultural authentication, local community disturbance, and the development of adversarial relationships between locals and tourists [9,16,26]. A number of publications have indicated a renewed interest in the empowerment effects of tourism, identifying the transformation of local residents’ self-identity as one important socio-culture impact of tourism. Studies have noted that the process of identity transformation involves the interactions among tourists, local residents, and the external forces that affect the representation and conversion of local identity [8,16,25,27]. In indigenous communities, studies have found that members dynamically negotiate their identities with visitors. In these interactions, residents redefine their identity and tend to develop recognition of the uniqueness of their cultural traditions and native identity [25,27]. Residents’ participation and attitudes are the foundation for whether tourism development can be sustainably supported in the destination. A fairly large body of literature discusses both the positive and negative impacts of tourism. However, few studies have been published on community acceptance of tourism impacts [6,9,17,28]. Although tourism has been noted to influence residents’ attitudes and perception, there has been relatively little research on measurements of the perceived tourism impacts on the acceptance of indigenous hosting residents. The Discrete Choice Model DCMThe DCM describes a decision makers’ choice among alternatives and provides information about the complex aspects of a decision makers’ choice behavior. The elicited choice allows researcher to quantitatively examine the effect of each testing aspect through the developed choice experiment. This model has been used to estimate choice behavior in a wide range of research field, tourism development [29,30], transportation planning [31,32], and landscape management [19,33,34,35].The theoretical basis of DCM is characteristics demand theory [36] and random utility maximization theory [37]. Lancaster’s demand theory states that consumers derive utility not from the actual alternatives but from the characteristics or attributes of the alternatives accessible in an applicable choice set. Random utility maximization theory presumes that every individual makes a decision under rationality and maximizes the utility relative to their choice. Discrete choice models statistically model decision makers’ choices among a finite set of alternatives. The collection of alternatives is called a choice set. Alternatives must satisfy the following criteria exhaustive, mutually exclusive, and finite number of alternatives. Each alternative generates certain levels of utility to a decision maker, who is assumed to exhibit utility maximizing estimation of discrete choice models requires choice data. The source can either be the revealed preference data or stated preference data. Revealed preference data or transaction data are data matrices with the actual choices made by decision makers in real settings, such as scanned data in a supermarket or the reservation records in a restaurant. Stated preference data are the real choices made by decision makers in a hypothetical or simulated environment with choice alternatives systematically constructed by the researchers. Although the revealed preference data disclose decision makers’ actual behavior, they often suffer from insufficient information about key attributes for estimating the model. Therefore, we used stated preference data as our data source, developed an experimental design to present choice alternatives with key attributes, and measured decision levels in a controlled environment, which enabled the modeling of respondents’ decisions with greater flexibility and well-intentioned properties. Although tourism development can have both positive and negative impacts on cultural identity, the economy, and the environment in rural indigenous communities, we do not know how and to what extent people balance these impacts. Thus, research concerning how residents perceive the inseparable positive and negative tourism impacts in indigenous sites is lacking. As such, we designed an empirical study using choice modeling to provide insight into this issue. Based on the perception of indigenous communities, the purpose of this study was to investigate the aspects that influence the support for tourism development. We attempted to supplement the findings of these previous studies. This study is comparable to the earlier studies in that the focus is on tourism impacts, but differs from previous studies in the way in which the hosting indigenous communities’ perception of tourism impacts is in practice tourism has both desired and undesired impacts on the community, we wanted to contribute to the understanding of how different impacts affect indigenous residents’ support of tourism development. The study results may assist planners to recognize local perceptions when evaluating the various impacts of planning options. The objectives of this study were to examine which impacts influence local residents’ perception of tourism development and to what extent the impacts influence the indigenous residents’ perception. We used discrete choice modeling to establish experimental choice sets to elicit local residents’ choices among alternatives that combine the impacts derived from the literature and match the site conditions, including the impacts of local and regional economic benefits, pollution affecting quality of lives, tourist conflicts, natural environment damage, cultural architecture and landscape promotion, and cultural self-identity. 2. Methods The purpose of this study was to provide empirical indications as to which tourism impacts are important to the local community, and to what extent the effective impacts influence the local indigenous residents’ attitudes. We designed a discrete choice experiment to collect data, to provide quantitative estimates of the influence of tourism impacts. Study SiteThe study site is located at Laiyi Township, Pingtung County, Taiwan Figure 1. Laiyi Township is a geographically mountainous and culturally indigenous area with an area of nearly km2. Its indigenous population is of the total population of 7428 [38]. This area is the native territory of the Paiwan Tribe and many Paiwan traditional customs and religious rituals are still performed in this area. Along with the scenic forests, streams, waterfalls, and native totems, Laiyi attracts visitors due to its natural and cultural resources supporting tourism and outdoor recreation activities. The Laiyi area is geographically mountainous with interspersed settlements patterned in the area, but is conveniently located to the immediate tourism markets the well-populated Pingtung and Kaohsiung cities are approximately 50 km and 100 km away. Currently, the site tourism development has been under discussions between the local communities and several administrations in different levels, including the township, county, and federal levels, to evaluate the suitable development strategies and practical aids in site planning for the practices in the Laiyi area. The Discrete Choice ModelWe used the Discrete Choice Model DCM method in this study. The following explains the DCM estimation model in this study. In this study, a decision maker n faces competing J alternatives. The decision maker obtains a certain level of utility vnj from alternative j, where j = 1 , … , J . The decision maker chooses the alternative that provides the greatest utility among the alternatives. The model of choice behavior for the decision maker is therefore defined as alternative i is chosen by the decision maker only if v n i > v n j ∀ j ≠ i .However, a certain level of utility v n i is not observable to us. The observable utility to the researchers is denoted as U n j = v n j + ε n j , n = 1 , … , N and j = 1 , … , 1 where n is an index for the individual decision maker, j is an index for the alternatives in a choice set, v n j is the non-stochastic utility component, and ε n j is the error term capturing the stochastic components. The non-stochastic utility component v n j is assumed to be a linear function in the parameters denoted as where x n j is a vector of attributes of alternative j and β is the coefficient for the utility function. The observable utility U n i can be expressed as U n j = x n j ′ β + ε n j 3 Given that the decision maker chooses the alternative that generates the maximum utility and y n j is the response vector for the n th decision maker, the response from the n th decision maker can be denoted as y n j = { 1 , i f U n j ≥ max U n 0 , otherwise 4 where y n j is 1 if U n j takes the maximum value among the j th component of U n = U n 1 , … , U n J , and y n j is 0 the probability for the decision maker n choosing alternative j is denoted as follow [37] P y n j = 1 = Pr U n j > U n k for all k ≠ j = Pr v n j + ε n j > v n k + ε n k for all k ≠ j = Pr ε n k − ε n j or Table 3. The mixed logit regression results. Table 3. The mixed logit regression results. ImpactEstimateSEz-ValuePr >z1Pollution affecting quality of **2Conflicts with tourists– environment disturbance– *4Cultural architecture and landscape ***5Cultural self-identity ***6Employment **7Tourists local ** Table 4. The odds ratio OR of impacts of tourism. Table 4. The odds ratio OR of impacts of tourism. ImpactORPercent1Pollution affecting quality of with environment architecture and landscape self-identity local © 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution CC BY license

tribal tourism is a relatively new type of tourism